But, the development of the world already produces dentistry tooth implants. Options that can be more comfortable for you than regular dentures or bridges.

whether dental implants are right for you?
Dental implants are not the same as regular denture. Dental implant is a metal cylinder embedded in the jaw bone as a substitute for tooth roots. An additional connection is mounted on the artificial root. An artificial crown will be placed in the top of the metal cylinder. Tooth implants can be used to replace a missing tooth or more.

Most adults who have lost teeth eligible for dental implants fitted. But, you can visit some specialists such as oral surgeon, periodontal specialists and general dentists to give consideration, whether this dental implant is right for you.

Dental implants are suitable for you:
• Loss of one or more teeth
• The jaw is perfectly formed
• Condition good bone and not porous.
• Soft tissue in the mouth in a healthy condition
• Not having health problems that will affect the recovery of bone after dental implant installation.
• Can not or will not use removable denture.
• Want to improve the articulation of a slightly disturbed due to loss of teeth.
• Want to earnestly follow the installation process of dental implants who spent up to several months.

Your financial condition is also noteworthy. Quarter three money with the best quality of all treatments lost teeth, tooth implant installation biggest cost. Additional information, insurance does not cover the cost of this dental implant installation.

What should be prepared before the installation of tooth implants?
Dental implants will be performed with several stages of procedure. Therefore, you should do some preparation. The first thing which needs a thorough dental examination. Including x-rays, and dental modeling. Do not forget to talk about your illness or treatment you are living the dentist oral surgeon who will look after you.

If you have heart problems or have another implant in the bone, your doctor will give antibiotics before surgery to prevent infection. A treatment plan will be made to your personal circumstances. This is influenced by how the number of missing teeth, jaw bone condition, and many other factors. This plan will involve:

• The surgeon’s mouth. Dentist who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of injuries, illnesses and other problems concerning the mouth, jaw and face that required surgery.

• periodontal. a dentist who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of dental supporting structures.

• Prostodontis. A dentist who specializes in the field of manufacture and installation of artificial teeth.

How actually the installation process that tooth implants?
Dental implant placement will pass through several surgical procedures. The entire process usually took three to nine months, or sometimes even longer. It may seem very long and annoying, but the length of time was spent waiting for the healing and new bone growth in the jawbone.

What happens during the installation process of  tooth implants?
How does the installation of a dental implant depends on the type of dental implant is selected and the condition of your jaw bone itself. Generally, the cylinder of a dental implant will be attached first to the jaw bone, then you have to go through the recovery period for several months. After that, the connection it installed, followed by a period of healing is also some time. Finally, the crown replica set. Some people may require special treatment before installation bone dental implants, which will prolong the whole process.

Do you need a bone called grafting (bone graft)?
If your jawbone is too thin, you need a bone graft before it can proceed to the installation process of tooth implants. This is because the process of mastication is performed mouth to give a big enough pressure to the jaw bone, if dental implants are not supported by strong bones guaranteed dental implant installation will fail. Bone graft will result in stronger bones for the dental implant.

With bone graft, a small portion of bone will be removed from other body parts, such as the hips, and then implanted into the jawbone. Expected (because many are not successful)bone will grow, but it might take six to nine months to grow a new bone that could support a dental implant. But, in some cases it takes only a small transplants that do not require a long time for healing.

Placing a tooth implant
Dental implants will be inserted into the jawbone through the surgery well. This surgery can be done in the dentist’s private practice or in hospital. You are not required to stay after this surgery, unless there are things outside the plan.

You will be given anesthesia (anesthetic) to reduce pain during surgery. Choice of anesthesia include local anesthesia, sedation (calm, without loss of consciousness), or even general anesthesia. Please talk about and ask for an explanation on the dentist who will treat you the best anesthetic option that suits you. The team doctor will also explain the special instructions related to the type of anesthesia you choose. For example, if you choose a general anesthetic, prepare one that will get you after the surgery and be prepared to break the day after surgery.

During surgery, your gums will be slashed to make room to see bone. The hole will be made on the bone, according to the number of missing teeth and treatment  dental plans. Later to be implanted in the bone metal cylinder. Because expected to act as the root of the tooth, a cylindrical metal will be implanted deep enough to ensure stability of the teeth when in use. After the cylinder is installed correctly, gum stitched back. That is, you still can not see it because the cylinder surface is covered by gums.

Until this process, the empty space with no teeth still visible. Usually your dentist will provide removable denture to be installed just keep your mouth aesthetics.

Waiting for the bone to grow
After the cylinder dental implants implanted in the jawbone, the process osseointegrasi (bone fusion) will begin. During this process, bone tissue grows and is normally binding on the cylinder dental implants. This process usually takes three to six months. This process is extremely important because it set a strong foundation for artificial teeth, as the original tooth root.

Placing abutment (top of the cylinder)
When osseointegrasi finished, you will be operated again to put this abutment. Once again, your gums sliced, opened. Abutment paired with a drill and a special eye like a nut to put in (what it called the bolt ya?). This surgery is usually performed with local anesthesia enough. After pairing, the gums and then sewn back, but this time did not cover the abutment, but around the abutment.

In some cases (but rarely), abutment fixed to the cylinder at the same time as the cylinder implant installed. This means that you do not need surgery again and again. Because the gums are not covered, you can see this abutment when opening your mouth, it lasted until about six months later. But, for too long, many patients who prefer the installation process twice.

Choosing the right denture for you
After the abutment is installed, the gums will usually recover after one or two weeks later to be installed artificial tooth implant. As the gums heal, your dentist will get a clearer idea about the shape, color, and arrangement of artificial teeth that will be used. But, this denture will not be installed immediately because waiting a while longer until the jaw bones strong enough to hold the new tooth.

There are two kinds of artificial teeth that you can choose, namely:

• Protesa (artificial) tooth could be removed. This type of almost the same as regular removable denture. Consists of artificial teeth, surrounded by a pink acrylic-like gum. But the difference, this artificial tooth is attached to a metal frame attached to the abutment. Copies can be removed for repair or cleaning. This option is suitable if the bottom teeth are missing, because it’s easier to install than the dental implant in the number of lots (each tooth replaced and unrelated) and safer than regular denture.

• Protesa permanent. This kind of artificial teeth permanently attached to the abutment. You can not let go to be cleaned or during sleep. If you choose this type, each crown will be attached to the tooth implanteach (separately).

What happens after the installation of dental implants?
Usually that happens after the installation of tooth implants are:
• Swelling in the gums or face.
• Like bruises in the skin and gums
• Pain at the implant installed
• Bleeding light

It could also (although rarely), rigid jaw muscles, or you can not open my mouth perfectly. When this happens, usually the cause is in the process of needle contact with the muscle jaw surgery.

If swelling, discomfort, or other problems worse a few days after surgery, immediately contact the oral surgeon to operate on your time.

After each stage of the surgery, you should eat soft foods for about five or seven days later. Sewing thread is usually made of materials that can be integrated with the meat, but if it does not blend perfectly, or there is remaining, your dentist will throw it away after ten days.

Tips to your installation of tooth implantsuccess.

• Learn to keep your teeth and mouth hygiene. Same thing with real teeth, artificial teeth, let alone dental implants must be cleaned. The use of special tools for cleaning, for example interdental brush will be very helpful.

• Visit your dentist regularly. Schedule to visit your dentist every six months or a year to ensure the health and your dental implant teeth function properly.

• Avoid bad habits. Do not chew hard objects, such as ice, candy, which can destroy your artificial tooth crown. Stay away from tobacco and caffeinated products. Nurse immediately if you were experiencing bruxism.

What if the implant does not work well dentalnya?
Dental implant failure usually occurs because the bone failed to unite with the cylinder. In this case, usually implants removed, cleaned bones again, and then start the procedure starts again after one or two months later.

If the implant becomes loose (rarely happens) can be removed and replaced with new ones.

Risk of tooth implant installation
As another surgery, dental implant surgery are also at risk. But, this problem rarely occurs and it is easy to overcome. These include:
• Infection around the dental implant installation.
• Injury or damage around the implant, eg neighboring teeth, blood vessels or nasal cavity.
• Damage to nerves, causing pain, sometimes numbness, in the original teeth, lips or chin.
• sinus problems. Especially if a dental implant placed in the upper jaw.

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Have tooth-colored appearance is disrupt. Moreover, experienced since childhood. But do not worry, the current progress of treatment can make a tooth-colored white again. The most important routine and patient.

Teeth whitening should be done based on the cause of tooth-colored. In this case, you should not be done alone, so a doctor can know the right way in handling. “Do not directly choose their own way, then even inappropriate treatment.

There are many factors that cause tooth kinclong not. Factors ranging from foods such as coffee and tea. It could also be due to lifestyle, such as smoking. There is also due to drug genetic factors. Or it could also be due to brush my teeth so lazy dirty teeth and many dental caries and rocks.

Tooth-colored to a certain degree can be bleached. Dentistry provides the opportunity to get a natural smile is attractive with time, discomfort and a fairly minimal cost.

There are several ways, one of which is bleaching (tooth whitening) with a strong oxidizing materials to  teeth whiting. Usually done on a yellowish teeth and staining caused by tetracycline and fluoride with mild to moderate degree, and staining caused by tooth decay. “It’s much easier to do since, but must first consult with the dentist,” he said.

A common teeth whitening done is home bleaching, which is a vital tooth bleaching with a spoon made of plastic printed individually. A new way is quite comfortable and cost effective. How to fill the spoon with bleach print and use it for a few hours each day or all night. The result can be seen after the use of six weeks, even after a few days.

There are many other ways that can be done. Among others by way of composite, special fillings using a laser teeth whitening beam, namely teeth then coating again. This method should be done by your dentist. “So the teeth had been filed earlier disarung back,” he said.

Most importantly, when to do teeth whitening, also must be supported by healthy lifestyle and lifestyle. Because if the bad habits have been made, including the cause of the color of teeth is still there, then of course there’s no point.

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1. hemorrhagic stroke

Cerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage may also Yeng caused the outbreak of the brain blood vessels. Generally occurs at the time of activity, but also can occur at rest. Awareness is generally declining, and causes the most are the result of uncontrolled hypertension.

2. non-haemorrhagic stroke

Can be ischemia, embolism, thrombus, or spasm of cerebral blood vessels. Generally occurs after a long rest or sleep angun. No hemorrhage, consciousness is generally good and there is a process of the brain edema due to brain tissue hypoxia.

Non-haemorrhagic stroke can also be classified on the basis of travel sickness, namely:

1. ? € S TIA (Trans Ischemic Attack)

Disorders neurologist is a moment, a few minutes or several hours and the symptoms will disappear perfect in less than 24 hours.

1. Rind (Reversible Ischemic Neurological Defict)

Disruption of local neurologist who will disappear completely within 1 week and a maximum of 3 weeks ..

1. stroke in Volution

Stroke is happening is still growing where the interference that appears increasingly severe and getting worse. This process is usually run in a few hours or several days.

1. Complete stroke

Disruption arising neurologist is settled or permanent.

There are some stroke risk factors are often identified, namely;

1. Hypertension, can be caused by atherosclerosis or vice versa. This process can lead to rupture of blood vessels or the incidence of thrombus that may interfere with cerebral blood flow.

2. Cerebral vascular aneurysms

Vascular abnormalities in the form of thickening in one place followed by the depletion elsewhere. In the depletion region with a particular maneuver can cause bleeding.

3. Heart defects / heart disease

Most common in post MCI patients, atrial fibrillation, and endocarditis. Damage to the heart of work will decrease cardiac output and decrease blood flow to the brain. It can happen Ddisamping embolization process is based on heart failure and blood vessels.

4. Diabetes mellitus (DM)

DM patients had a stroke because of the potential 2 reasons, yeitu an increase of blood viscosity thus slowing blood flow and cerebral especially microvaskuler abnormalities that affect the disorder also occurs in cerebral blood vessels.

5. Elderly

In old age there is a process of blood vessel calcification, including the brain blood vessels.

6. Polocitemia

In policitemia increased blood viscosity and blood flow slows down so that the brain perfusion decreases.

7. Increased cholesterol (total lipid)

High body cholesterol can cause atherosclerosis and the formation of fat embolus.

8. Obesity

In obesity hypertension can occur and elevated levels of cholesterol that can cause interference with the blood vessels, one vessel brain.

9. Smokers

Will occur in smokers plaques in blood vessels by atherosclerosis, causing nicotine.

10. lack of physical activity

Lack of physical activity can also reduce physical flexibility, including flexibility of blood vessels (blood embuluh stiff), one of the brain blood vessels.

D. Pathophysiology

1. Non-haemorrhagic stroke

Ischemia caused by the blockage of cerebral blood flow by a thrombus or embolus. Thrombus usually occurs because of the development of atherosclerosis in blood vessel walls, so that arteries become clogged, blood flow to areas of thrombus is reduced, causing ischemia and then become complex finally happened myocardial ischemia in brain tissue. Embolism caused by embolus who walked into the cerebral arteries through the carotid artery. Block the occurrence of these arteries causes ischemia which develops suddenly and happen quickly focal disorders neurologist. Cerebral hemorrhage can ddisebabkan by breaking the walls of blood vessels by emboli.

2. Hemorrhagic stroke

Brain blood vessels that rupture cause blood to flow into the substance or subarachnoid space causing changes in intracranial component that should be constant. Intracranial component changes that can not be compensated body will lead to an increase of ICT which if continued will lead to herniation of the brain causing death. In addition, blood flow to the brain substance or subarachnoid space can cause edema, spasm of brain blood vessels and the emphasis on these areas caused the blood flow is reduced or not resulting in necrosis of brain tissue.

E. Signs of stroke and stroke  symptoms

Signs and symptoms appear is highly dependent on the area and extent of the affected brain regions.

1. The influence of mental status

? ? Not aware: 30% – 40%

? ? Konfuse: 45% of the patients are usually aware

1. Regional media cerebral artery, internal carotid artery will lead to:

? ? contralateral hemiplegia accompanied hemianesthesia (30% -80%)

Aphasia ? ? when the dominant hemisphere (35% -50%)

? ? Apraksia if the non-dominant hemisphere (30%)

1. Anterior cerebral artery area will cause symptoms:

? ? hemianesthesia contralateral hemiplegia and especially legs (30% -80%)

Urinary incontinence ? ?, Aphasia, or apraksia depending where the affected hemisphere

1. Posterior cerebral artery area

? ? spontaneous pain in the head

Aphasia ? ? when the dominant hemisphere (35-50%)

1. Regional basiler vertebrae will cause:

? ? often fatal because of the vital centers in the brain stem

? ? alternans hemiplegia or tetraplegia

? ? pseudobulbar palsy (paralysis of eye muscles, difficulty swallowing, emotional instability)

If the views of where the affected hemisphere, stroke symptoms may include:

1. Right hemisphere stroke

? ? body left Hemiparese

Assessment ? ? bad

Having ? ? vulnerability to the contralateral side as the possibility of falling into the opposite side

1. left hemisphere stroke

? ? experiencing right hemiparese

? ? behavior is very slow and careful

? ?

Abnormalities ? ? right field of view

? ? global dysphagia

? ? Aphasia

? ? easily frustrated

F. Diagnostic tests

Disgnostik Investigations can be done is:

1. Laboratory: lead to a complete blood examination, electrolytes, cholesterol, and if necessary, blood gas analysis, blood sugar and so on.
2. CT scan of the head to know the location and extent of hemorrhage or infarction
3. MRI to determine the existence of edema, infarction, hematoma and the shifting structure of the brain
4. angiography to determine the cause and a clear picture of the affected blood vessels

G. Medical Treatment

In general, treatment of stroke patients are:

1. The position of the head and body of 20-30 degrees, on his side if vomiting and may begin a gradual mobilization if hemodinamika stable
2. Waive the airway and maintain adequate ventilation, if necessary, given as needed ogsigen
3. Vital signs stable cultivated
4. Bed rest
5. Correction of hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia
6. Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
7. A full bladder is emptied, if necessary to do catheterization
8. Giving intravenous fluids in the form of crystalloid or colloid and avoid the use of pure glucose or hypotonic fluid
9. Avoid increase in temperature, cough, constipation, or excessive suction that can improve ICT
10. Nutrition per oral was given only if a good swallowing function. If consciousness is decreased or swallowing disorders should be installed NGT
11. Specific Treatment of:

? ? non-haemorrhagic stroke: asetosal, neuroprotektor, thrombolysis, anticoagulation, drug hemorrhagic

? ? hemorrhagic stroke: treat the cause, neuroprotektor, surgical intervention, reducing the high ICT.

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Chronic granulomatous disorder

SYMPTOMS
Symptoms usually first appear during early childhood but sometimes not until adolescence. Chronic infection occurs in the skin, lungs, lymph nodes, mouth, nose, and intestines. Pocket of pus (abscess) may occur around the rectum and lungs, bones, and liver. Lymph nodes tend to contain nbakteri and enlarged. The skin over the lymph nodes may be broken. As a result, the abscess fluid. Enlarged liver and spleen. Children may grow slowly.

TREATMENT
Antibiotics were given continuously or intermittently. Interferon-gamma, which is injected 3 times a week, can reduce the number and severity of infections. Stem cell transplantation was successful in some people, but because the stakes are usually not recommended.

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Materials that can stimulate the immune response is called antigens. Antigen is a molecule that may be contained in the cell or on the cell surface (such as bacteria, viruses or cancer cells). Some antigens, such as pollen molecules or food, on their own there.

Tues even in people who have their own networks can have an antigen. But, usually, only the immune system reacts against antigens from foreign or dangerous substances, not to the antigen of people who have a network for oneself. However, the immune system sometimes damaged, translating the body’s own tissue as foreign and produce antibodies (called autoantibodi) or immune cells target and attack the body’s own tissue.

This response is called an autoimmune reaction. This produces inflammation and tissue damage. Such effects may be an autoimmune disorder symptoms , but some people produce small amounts so that autoantibodi autoimmune disorders do not occur.

Some autoimmune ganguan common as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and vasculitis, among others. Additional illnesses are believed associated with such autoimmune glomerulonephritis, Addison’s disease, mixed connective tissue disease, Sjögren’s syndrome, progressive systemic sclerosis, and some cases of infertility.

Several autoimmune disorder symptoms
Disturbance

Affected tissue

Consequences
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, red blood cell anemia (decreased red blood cell count) occurs, causing fatigue, weakness, and mild headaches. Spleen may be enlarged. Anemia can be great and even fatal.
Bullous pemphigoid blisters of skin, which is surrounded by a red swollen area, formed in the skin. Itching normal. With treatment, prognosis good.
Goodpasture’s syndrome lungs and kidney symptoms such as shortness of breath, coughing up blood, fatigue, swelling, and itching, may develop. Prognosis is good if treatment dilaukan before damage to the lungs or kidneys has occurred.
Thyroid Graves Disease
Stimulated thyroid and enlarged, resulting in high levels of thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism). Symptoms may include rapid heart rate, can not stand the heat, tremors, weight loss, and kecemasa. With treatment, prognosis good.
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis goiter Thyroid gland inflamed and damaged, resulting in lower thyroid hormone levels (hypothyroidism). Symptoms such as weight gain, rough skin, can not stand the cold, and sleepy. Lifelong treatment with thyroid hormones to reduce symptoms and is usually perfectly.
Multiple sclerosis brain and spinal cord all the affected nerve cells damaged. As a result, the cell can not continue as usual nerve signals. Autoimmune disorder symptomsmay include weakness, abnormal sensations, dizziness, problems with vision, muscle spasms, and hard hold lavatory. Symptoms vary about the time and may come and go. The prognosis is variable.
Myasthenia gravis connection between nerve and muscle (neuromuscular junction)
Muscle, especially that belongs to the eyes, weak and tired easily, but the weakness is different in intensity. Pattern of progression varies widely. Drugs can usually control the symptoms.
Pemphigus of skin blisters formed on the skin. Can be life-threatening disorders.
Pernicious anemia of cells along the stomach
Damage to the cells along the stomach makes trouble absorbing vitamin B12. (Vitamin B12 necessary for the production of old blood cells and maintenance of nerve cells). Anemia is often a result causes fatigue, weakness, and mild headaches. Nerves can be damaged, resulting in weakness and loss of sensation. Without treatment, spinal cord may be damaged, eventually causing loss of sensation, weakness, and difficult to hold lavatory. Increased risk of stomach cancer. Also, with treatment, good prognosis.
Rheumatoid arthritis joints or other tissues such as lung tissue, nerves, skin and heart
Many symptoms may occur. include fever, fatigue, joint pain, stiffness, destructive form of arthritis, shortness of breath, loss of sensation, weakness, rash, chest pain, and swelling under the skin. Progonosis vary
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) joints, kidneys, skin, lungs, heart, brain and blood cells
Joints, though kindled, not a defect. The symptoms of anemia, such as fatigue, weakness, and light-headedness, and that belongs to the kidneys, lungs, or disrupt the heart, such as fatigue, shortness of breath, itching, and chest pain, may occur. Spots may arise. Predictions vary widely, but most people can take an active life despite occasional turbulence of chaos.
Diabetes mellitus type of pancreatic beta cells (which produce insulin)
Symptoms may include excessive thirst, urination, and appetite, such as complications varied with the long-term.
Lifelong treatment with insulin is required, though the destruction of pancreatic cells to stop, because not enough pancreatic cells to  iinsulin there is enough. The prognosis varies considerably and tends to be even worse if serious illness, lasting a long time.
Blood vessel vasculitis
Vasculitis can affect blood vessels in one part of the body (such as nerves, head, skin, kidneys, lungs, or intestines) or more sections. There are several kinds. Symptoms (such as rash, abdominal pain, weight loss, difficulty breathing, coughing, chest pain, headache, loss of vision, and symptoms of nerve damage or kidney failure) depends on which body part is affected. The prognosis depends on the cause and how much tissue damage. Usually, a better prognosis with treatment.

CAUSE
Autoimmune reactions can be triggered by several things:

* The compound is in the body which is normally restricted in certain areas (and thus hidden from the immune system) are released into the flow darah.Misalnya, blows to the eyes can make the fluid in the eyeball is released into the flow darah.Cairan stimulate the immune system to recognize the eye as foreign object and attack.
* Compounds normally in the body changes, for example, by viruses, drugs, sunlight, or radiation. Compound material that changes may seem foreign to the immune system. For example, viruses can infect and thereby changing the cell in the body. Cells infected by the virus stimulates the immune system to attack him.
* Foreign compounds that resemble natural body compounds may enter the body. With the immune system inadvertently can make similar compounds such agencies as the target of foreign materials. For example, the bacteria that causes sore throat has several antigens that are similar to human heart cells. Rarely happens, the immune system can attack the heart of man after sore throat (this reaction is part of the fever rumatik).
* Cells that controls the production of such antibodies, B lymphocytes (one of the white blood cells) may be damaged and produce abnormal antibodies that attack some of the cell body.

Heredity may be involved in some autoimmune disorder. Susceptibility of chaos, rather than chaos itself, may be inherited. In susceptible people, a trigger, such as viruses or infeks tissue damage, can create chaos develops. Hormonal factors may also be involved, because many autoimmune disorder is more common in women.

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Abnormalities in the cerebellum (which is not associated with disruption immunodefisiensi) cause there is no coordination (ataxia). There is no coordination usually develops when the child begins to walk but may withdraw up to age 4. Speaking skills to disappear, and the muscles progressively weaken, causing severe disability. Mental retardation may occur and develop. Between ages 1 and 6, capillaries in the skin and eyes become enlarged and visible. Enlarged capillaries (telangiectasia), called spider veins, usually most obvious in the eyes and ears. Endocrine systems may be affected, causing small testes (in boys), infertility, and diabetes.

Antibiotics and immune globulin to help prevent infection but do not reduce the problem in the nervous system. Ataxia-telangiectasia are usually developed to paralysis, dementia, and death, usually before the age of 30 years.

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Constipation

CAUSE
Constipation is often caused by a change in diet or reduced physical activity. Medications that can cause constipation are:
- Aluminum hydroxide (the-counter antacid)
- Salt bismuth
- Salt-iron
- Anticholinergics
- High blood medicine (anti-hypertension)
- Group of narcotics
- Some tranquilizers and sleeping pills.

Acute constipation can sometimes be caused by serious conditions, such as:
- Blockage of the bowel
- Reduced blood flow to the large intestine
- Injury to nerves or the spinal cord.

Lack of physical activity and too little fiber in the diet are common causes found in chronic constipation. Other causes are:
- Thyroid gland activity is less (hypothyroid)
- Levels of high blood calcium (hypercalcaemia)
- Parkinson’s disease
- Reduction in colon contraction (colon inactive)
- Bad taste (not comfortable) at the time of bowel movement (defecation).

While psychological factors play a role in acute constipation and chronic constipation.

Constipation Symptoms

Patients with constipation have a hard stool, which may be difficult to remove. Patients also felt the rectum has not completely empty.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis based on symptoms.

Constipation Treatment

If constipation is caused by an illness, the illness must be treated. If not found in other diseases as the cause, prevention and best treatment for constipation is a combination of exercise, diet rich in fiber and use of medicines appropriate for the time being. Vegetables, fruits and whole grains are good sources of fiber. To be able to work well, fiber should be consumed with large amounts of fluid.

DRUG-physic

Many people use laxatives (laxatives) to relieve constipation. Several drugs are used safely for a prolonged period, other drugs should be used only occasionally. Some drugs used to prevent constipation, other drugs used to treat constipation.

Classes of drugs commonly used laxatives are:

1. Bulking Agents
2. Feces softeners
3. Mineral Oil
4. Osmotic materials
5. Incentives laxative.

Bulking Agents

Bulking agents (wheat, psilium, calcium polikarbofil and Methylcellulose) can add fiber in the stool. The addition of this fiber will stimulate the natural contractions of the intestines and feces softer fibrous and more easily expelled. Bulking agents worked slowly and is the safest drugs to stimulate bowel movement regular. At first is given in small amounts. The dose increased gradually, until the achieved regularity in bowel movements. People who use these materials should always drink plenty of fluids.

Feces softeners

Dokusat will increase the amount of water that can be absorbed by the stool. Actually this is a detergent ingredient that lowers the surface tension of the stool, allowing water to easily penetrate the stool and make it more tender. Increasing the amount of fiber will stimulate the natural contractions of the large intestine and helps soften the stool making it easier to removed from the body.

Mineral Oil

Mineral oil to soften the stool and make it easier to get out of the body. But this material will reduce the absorption of vitamins that are fat soluble. And if someone is in a weak state mineral oils inhaled unintentionally, may occur serious irritation to the lung tissue. In addition, mineral oil can also be seeping from the rectum.

Material osmotic

Osmotic materials encourage large amounts of water into the colon, so the stools become soft and easily removed. Excessive fluid also stretches the bowel walls and stimulate contractions. These laxatives containing salts (phosphate, sulfate and magnesium) or sugar (lactulose and sorbitol). Some contain sodium osmotic material, causing retention (detention) fluid in patients with kidney disease or heart failure, especially if given in large quantities.

Osmotic material containing magnesium and phosphate partially absorbed into the bloodstream and dangerous for people with kidney failure. This laxative usually work in 3 hours and better used as a treatment than for prevention. This material is also used to empty the bowel before the x-ray examination of the digestive tract and before colonoscopy.

Laxative Incentives

Stimulant laxative directly stimulate the bowel wall to contract and remove the contents. These drugs contain substances that can irritate such as senna, kampong la plak, fenolftalein, bisakodil or castor oil. These drugs work after 6-8 hours and produce half solid stools, but often causes abdominal cramps. In the form of suppositories (drugs inserted through the anus holes), will work after 15-60 minutes. Long-term use can cause damage to the large intestine, also a person can become dependent on these drugs so that the intestines become lazy contract (Lazy Bowel Syndromes).

These laxatives are often used to empty the bowel before the diagnostic process and to prevent or treat constipation caused by drugs that slow contractions of the colon (eg narcotics).

PREVENTION
The best prevention for constipation is a combination of regular exercise and a diet rich in fiber.

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Because there is still stigma about sexual health, many women avoid going to the doctor when this avoidance may seriously affect health, including fertility. Here are some common diseases that women face and how to ensure healthy female health care:

HPV
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is one of the viral infection caused by the most common sexual relations. Most of these diseases is not so dangerous but if the test appears abnormal smear, the doctor will recommend a lab test.

The way to mengatetahui HPV is cervical smear or sexual health screening. Be sure to check regularly at least once every three years. Quit smoking because research found an association between smoking and cancers of the vulva.

PID
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) mempangaruhi one of 10 women and if left will cause infertility. Symptoms that may arise pelvic pain during sex, irregular ang pendarahy or change in vaginal odor. Check with your doctor immediately if you find the symptoms. This disease can be easily cured with antibiotics.

PID prevention efforts are doing safe sex and checked regularly. Sometimes not so obvious symptoms until it is too late.

BV
Bacterial vaginosis is a vaginal infection is most common among women of childbearing age. The disease is often considered merely as a symptom of infection is very common with ordinary infections.

Symptoms of an imbalance of bacteria in the vagina, including itching, fishy smell and changes in the vagina. Do not let any of these symptoms and be sure to be checked and healed well. If allowed, this will increase the risk of developing a PID

Disease Due to Oral Sex
Sore Mouth
Oral sex can also be a source of infection if the mouth sore mouth afflicted by the sexually transmitted disease. Oral cavity may be suffering from a venereal disease when having oral sex with someone who is suffering from the disease. For example, if a woman performing oral sex on a man who was suffering from gonorrhea (gonorrhea), it can happen transmission from the penis into the mouth of the inner layer, or throat.

As a result she suffered inflammation of the mouth or throat due to gonorrhea. If later, the woman performing oral sex on another man healthy, he can catch that had gonorrhea. Yet. if the cavity mouth disease is not sex, oral sex is not necessarily a source of transmission.

Throat Cancer
Several types of viruses that can cause throat cancer in men or women, suspected transmitted through oral sex. In a study conducted for the first time, scientists studying the link between human papilloma virus (HPV) which causes cervical cancer with oropharyngeal cancer that attacks the throat, tonsils and the back of the tongue. The incidence of HPV infection through oral sex activity in the United States continued to increase since 1973. Now getting more risk of disease transmission through oral sex, throat cancer that is.

Formerly, many called the most vulnerable people affected by throat cancer are smokers and those who consume lots of alcohol. However, it seems that another factor is more dominant. The person performing oral sex couples alternated by more than 6 times the risk of having throat cancer 9 times higher.

Each person must ensure that he and his partner free of STIs before having sexual relations. There is no disease that is transmitted through oral sex can not be transmitted through sex in other forms. If someone is suffering from PMS, the partner is likely to catch any form of sexual relationship they do. In short, sex between couples who are safe and healthy clean.

Dr. Ferryal Loetan, an expert Seksologi also said that oral sex performed by women against men may allow transmission of the disease in the body. Because in the mouth there are a lot of saliva. Some germs and bacteria do not stand there with the substances in the saliva, but not all. Likewise with a variety of fungi including the common viruses in the human body. Where have received oral disease, it can only transmit the disease to give oral, and vice versa. But if both are healthy then no problem.

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CAUSE
Sinusitis can be acute (lasting 3 weeks or less) or chronic (lasts for 3-8 weeks but can continue for months or even years).

The cause of acute sinusitis:

* Viral infections.
Acute sinusitis can occur after a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract (eg colds).
* Bacteria.
In the human body there are several types of bacteria that normally does not cause disease (eg Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae). If the body’s defense system decreases or the drainage of sinus congestion due to colds or other viral infections, the bacteria that were not harmful to reproduce and infiltrate into the sinuses, causing an acute sinus infection.
* Fungal Sinusitis infections.
Sometimes fungal infections can cause acute sinusitis. Aspergillus is a fungus that can cause sinusitis in people with immune system disorders. In certain people, fungal sinusitis is a type of allergic reaction to mold.
* Chronic inflammation in the nasal tract.
In people with allergic rhinitis can occur acute sinusitis. Similarly, in people with vasomotor rhinitis.
* A particular disease.
Acute sinusitis is more common in people with immune system disorders and people with abnormal secretion of mucus (eg cystic fibrosis).

Causes of Chronic sinusitis:

* Asthma
* Allergic disease (eg allergic rhinitis)
* Immune system disorders or abnormalities of mucus secretion or disposal.

SYMPTOMS
Typical symptoms of the disorder is a sinus headache that is felt when the patient woke up in the morning. Acute and chronic sinusitis have similar symptoms, namely tenderness and swelling in the affected sinuses, but there are certain symptoms arising from an infected sinus:

* Sinusitis causes pain maksilaris right cheek below the eye, toothache and headaches.
* Sinusitis frontalis cause headaches in the forehead.
* Etmoidalis Sinusitis causes pain behind and between the eyes and headache in the forehead. Etmoidalis sinus inflammation can also cause pain when the nose on the outskirts of press, reduced sense of smell and nasal congestion.
* Sinusitis causes pain sfenoidalis whose location can not be ascertained and could be felt at the top of the head of the front or rear, or sometimes causes ear pain and neck pain.

Other symptoms are:
- Not feeling well
- Fever
- Tired, listless
- Cough, which may worsen at night
- Runny nose or nasal congestion.

Fever and chills indicate that the infection has spread outside the sinuses. Mucous membranes of the nose looks red and swollen, the nose may be out pus yellow or green.

Sinusitis and Immune System Disorders

In people with uncontrolled diabetes or people with immune system disorders, fungal sinusitis can cause serious and even fatal. Mukormikosis (fikomikosis) is a fungal infection that can occur in people with uncontrolled diabetes. In the nasal cavity of dead tissue is black and block blood flow to the brain, causing neurological symptoms (such as headaches and blindness).

Diagnosis based on the results of microscopic examination of the dead tissue. The treatment includes control of diabetes and the provision of anti-fungal drug amphotericin B intravenously (through the blood vessels).

Aspergillosis and candidiasis is a fungal sinusitis infection of the sinuses that can be fatal in people with immune system disorders due to anti-cancer therapy or disease (eg leukemia, lymphoma, multiple mieloma or AIDS). In aspergillosis, in the nose and sinus polyps form.

Diagnosis based on results of examination of polyps. The treatment of sinus surgery and delivery of amphotericin B intravenously.

Diagnosis
Diganosis established based on symptoms, sinus X-rays and physical examination results. To determine the weight of large and sinusitis, can do a CT scan. In maksilaris sinusitis, dental X-ray examination to determine the existence of dental abscess.

TREATMENT
Acute sinusitis
For acute sinusitis is usually given:

* Decongestants to reduce congestion
* Antibiotics to control bacterial infections
* Pain relief medicine to relieve pain.

Decongestants in the form of nose drops or nasal spray should only be used for a limited time (due to long-term use can cause blockage and swelling in the nasal tract). To reduce congestion, swelling and inflammation can be given a nasal spray that contains steroids.

Chronic sinusitis
Given antibiotics and decongestants. To reduce inflammation is usually given a nasal spray that contains steroids. If severe illness, may be given steroids by mouth (by mouth).

The following things can be done to reduce the discomfort:
- Inhaling steam from a vaporizer or a bowl of hot water
- Drug nasal spray containing saline solution
- Warm compresses on the affected sinus area.

If not you can deal with such treatment, then the only way to treat chronic sinusitis is surgical. In children, it is often improved after adenoid removal that clog the nasal sinus tract.

In adult patients who also have allergic diseases sometimes found polyps in the nose. Polyps should be removed so that the airway open and reduce sinus symptoms. Current surgical techniques is mostly done is functional endoscopic sinus surgery.

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At first, the head and neck cancer spread to lymph nodes nearby. Within 6 months to 3 years, the cancer usually does not spread to other body parts. Metastase (spread of cancer to other body parts) are usually derived from large tumors or tumors that persist and are more common in people with immune system disorders.

Staging
Staging is a method to determine the spread of cancer to help assess the type of treatment and prognosis. Head and neck cancer stadiumnya determined based on the size and location of tumor, number and size of metastase to neck lymph nodes and the presence of metastase to other parts of the body.

CAUSE
Approximately 85% of patients are smokers and alcohol drinkers.

Mouth cancer can also occur due to:
- Poor oral hygiene
- False teeth that do not fit
- Inhaling or chewing tobacco.

Epstein-Barr virus (the cause of infectious mononucleosis) play a role in the occurrence of cancer nasopharynx (upper pharynx). Someone who have had a low-dose radiation therapy for acne, excessive hair growth, enlargement of the thymus gland or tonsil and adenoid enlargement, are at high risk for thyroid cancer and salivary gland. At this time, radiation therapy is no longer used to overcome these problems.

Head and neck cancer symptoms

* A lump in the neck
Cancer originating from the head or neck usually spread to the lymph nodes in the neck before spreading to other body parts. A lump in the neck that lived more than 2 weeks should be seen by a doctor. It was not all lumps are cancer, but 1 or a few lumps in the neck can be an early sign of cancer of the mouth, throat, larynx, thyroid gland or some kind of lymphoma or blood cancers. The lump is usually painless and continue to grow.

* Changes the sound.
Most cancers of the larynx causing voice changes. Hoarseness or other voice change lasting more than 2 weeks should be seen by a doctor. Otolaringologis is a head and neck specialist who can assess our vocal chords.

* A growth in the mouth.
Most cancer of the mouth or tongue cause an open wound or swelling that does not heal. Wound and the swelling is painless unless infected.

Bleeding usually occurs at an advanced stage. If the wound or swelling is accompanied by lumps in the neck, then we must be vigilant. To ensure that it was not a malignancy, a biopsy should be performed (examination of microscopic tissue samples).

* Bleeding.
Bleeding is often caused by diseases other than cancer. However, tumors in the nose, mouth, throat or lungs can cause bleeding. If for a few days or more in the saliva or phlegm in the blood there, better get yourself to the doctor.

* Difficulty swallowing.
Cancer of the throat or esophagus (the channel to swallow) cause difficulty in swallowing solid foods. Sometimes liquids difficult. Food can get stuck in a particular area and into the stomach or back into the esophagus.

If you have trouble almost every time you try to swallow something, you should immediately consult a doctor. To find out the cause, usually performed x-ray or barium swallow Oesophagoscopy.

* Change the skin.
Head and neck cancer most often found in the basal cell skin cancer. If treated immediately, rarely cause serious problems. Basal cell cancers in areas most often exposed to sunlight, such as the forehead, face and ears, although they can also be found on the skin on other body parts. Basal cell cancer begins as a small, pale spots, which then enlarges slowly, forming grooves in the center and eventually an ulcer (ulcers, open wounds).

Parts of the ulcer may heal, but most remains ulcerated. Some basal cell cancers show color changes. Other cancers are squamous cell cancer and malignant melanoma, also occur on the skin of the head and neck.

Most squamous cell cancers occur on the lower lip and ear. These cancers look like basal cell cancers and, if treated quickly and appropriately, usually not too dangerous. If there is an open sore on the lip, lower face or ear that does not heal, consult a physician.

Malignant melanoma causes blue-black dye or black on the skin. Any mole that changes size and color or cause bleeding, must be examined. Black spots or blue-black in the face or neck, especially if the shape or size change, must be examined.

* Persistent ear pain.
Pain when swallowing living in or around the ear, can be a sign of infection or tumors in the throat. This is a serious problem, especially if accompanied by difficulty swallowing, hoarseness or a lump in the neck.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis based on symptoms and supported by the following tests:

* Nasofaringoskopi
* Laringoskopi
* Panendoskcopi (including laringoskopi, Oesophagoscopy and bronchoscopy).
* Biopsy
* CT scans, to help determine the tumor size, tumor spread into surrounding tissue or to the neck lymph nodes
* MRI scan
* Barium swallow is a series of X-rays taken after the patient swallows a liquid containing barium that could be seen on an X-ray. The tests were to assess the swallowing mechanism, and can describe the situation hipofaring.
* Chest X-rays are routinely done because smoking can cause lung cancer, emphysema, cancer and cancer of the larynx hipofaring. Chest X-rays also dilaukan to know the spread of cancer to the lungs.
* Routine Blood tests can help assess the patient as a whole.

Head and neck cancer treatment 

Treatment depends on the stage of the cancer. Cancer stage I, wherever its location on the head and neck, gave similar responses to surgery and radiation therapy. Usually radiation is not only to cancer, but also to the lymph nodes in the neck left and right, because more than 20% of cancer spread to lymph nodes.

Some tumors, including tumors that have diameters of more than 2 cm and tumors that have infiltrated into the bone or cartilage, removed surgically. If cancer is found or suspected in the lymph nodes after surgery is usually followed by radiation therapy. In certain cases, radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy; if the cancer recurs surgery is usually performed. For advanced-stage cancer, a better prognosis if surgery is obtained and radiation therapy.

Chemotherapy kills cancer cells in the growth of cancer, lymph nodes and throughout the body. Not yet known whether combination chemotherapy with surgery or radiation therapy may improve cure rates, which would be the combination therapy prolong remission. If the cancer is too widespread to be treated with surgery or radiation therapy, to help reduce pain and tumor size can be done chemotherapy.

Treatment almost always cause side effects. Surgery always affects the process of swallowing and speaking, so people need to undergo rehabilitation. Radiation can cause skin changes (eg inflammation, itching and hair loss), the formation of scar tissue, loss of sense of taste and dry mouth.

Chemotherapy can cause nausea and vomiting, hair loss is temporary and inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines (gastroenteritis). Chemotherapy also causes a decrease in the number of red blood cells and white blood cells and cause immune system disorders that are temporary.

Prognosis
Tumor protruding tend to respond better to treatment than tumors that grow into the surrounding tissue, forming tumors ulcer / sore or hard tumors. If there is metastase, then the chance to survive until more than 2 years is bad. Cancer that spreads along the nerve, causing pain, paralysis or numbness, usually more aggressive and difficult to treat.

65% of patients the cancer has not spread to survive to 5 years, while if the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, only 30% of sufferers who survived to 5 years. Patients over the age of 70 years has a period of remission (disease free) which is longer and has a life expectancy better than the younger patients.

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