Location and function of the ear, nose and throat are closely connected. Abnormalities in these organs was diagnosed and treated by a specialist called otolaringologis.
EARS
Ear is the organ for hearing and balance, which consists of the outer ear, middle ear and inner ear. Outer ear to catch sound waves converted into mechanical energy by the middle ear. Middle ear changes mechanical energy into nerve waves, which then delivered to the brain. The inner ear also helps maintain body balance.
Outer Ear
Outer ear consists of the ear (pinna or auricle) and the ear candling (auditory meatus externus). Outer ear is cartilage (cartilage) which is covered by skin, ears stiff but flexible. The sound captured by the ear through the ear canal to the eardrum. The eardrum is a thin membrane covered by skin, which separates the middle ear with external ear.
Middle Ear
Teling middle of the ear drum (tympanic membrane) and a small space filled with air that has 3 small bones that connect the eardrum to the inner ear.
These three bones are:
* Malleus (shaped like a hammer, attached to the eardrum)
* Incus (menghugungkan malleus and stapes)
* Stapes (attached pda oval window at the entrance to the inner ear).
Vibrations from the eardrum is mechanically reinforced by the bones and delivered to the oval window.
Middle ear muscles also have 2 small ones:
* Tensor tympani muscle (attached to the malleus and keep sticking eardrum)
* Stapedius (attached to the stapes and stapedius stabilize the relationship between the oval window.
If the ear receives a loud voice, then Stapedius contracts that set the bones of more rigid and had little voice is delivered. This response is called an acoustic reflex, which helps protect the delicate inner ear from damage due to noise.
Tuba eustakius is a small channel that connects the middle with nose teling the rear, which allows the entry of outside air into the middle ear. Tuba eustakius opens when we swallow, thus helping maintain the same air pressure on both sides of the eardrum, which is important for normal auditory function and comfort.
Ear In
The inner ear (labyrinth) is a complex structure, which terjdiri of 2 main parts:
* The cochlea (hearing organ)
* Canal semisirkuler (balance organ).
The cochlea is shaped channel berrongga like a snail’s house, consisting of viscous fluids and organs of Corti, which contains thousands of small cells (hair cells) that have hair that leads to the solution. Delivered sound vibrations from the bones of hearing in the middle ear to the oval window in the inner ear fluid causes bergetarnya and hair cells. Different hair cells respond to different sound frequencies and turn it into a wave of nerves. This neural waves and then walked along the fibers of the auditory nerve that will take him to the brain.
Although there is protection from acoustic reflex, but the noisy sounds can cause damage to the hair cells. If the damaged hair cells, he will not grow back. If the ear receives continuous loud noise can damage the hair cells and progressive hearing loss.
Semisirkuler canal is a 3 channel filled with fluid, which serves to help maintain balance. Every movement of the head causing Ciaran in the channel move. Movement of fluid in one channel could be greater than the fluid movement in the other channels; it depends on the direction of motion of the head.
This channel also contains hair cells that respond to fluid motion. These hair cells initiate a wave of nerves that convey messages to the brain, toward which the head moves, so the balance can be maintained. If there is infection in the canal semisirkuler, (as happened in the middle ear infection or cold) it may occur vertigo (feeling of spinning).
COLOR
The nose is the organ of smell and the main road out of the entry of air from and into the lungs. Nose also gives additional resonance to the voice and a place paranasalis and sinus bermuaranya tear ducts. Upper nose consists of bone and the nose bottom of the cartilage (cartilage). In the nasal cavity is separated into 2 cavities by the septum, which runs from the nostrils to the back of the throat.
Bone called Nasalis konka project into the nasal cavity, forming a number of folds. This fold increase causes extensive surface area through which air. Nasal cavity lined by mucous membrane and blood vessels. The extent of the surface and the number of blood vessels allows the nose to warm and humidify the incoming air immediately.
The cells in the mucous membranes produce mucus and have little bumps like hair (cilia). Usually the dirt into the nose was arrested by the mucus, then swept by the cilia toward the nostrils or the throat. It helps clean the air before entering into the lungs. Sneeze clean channel automatically in response to nasal irritation, coughing while cleaning the lungs.
Penghidu cells located in the upper nasal cavity. These cells have cilia downward (into the nasal cavity) and the nerve fibers leading to the top (to the olfactory bulbus, which is a protrusion on each olfactory nerve). Olfactory nerve directly to the brain.
Sinus PARANASALIS
Bones around the nose consists of paranasalis sinus, which is berrongga room with a hole that led to the nasal cavity.
There are 4 groups of sinuses paranasalis:
* Sinus maksilaris
* Sinus etmoidalis
* Sinus frontalis
* Sinus sfenoidalis.
With this sine then:
- The weight of the bones of the face became less
- The strength and shape of bones preserved
- Added resonance.
Sine coated with mucus selapus consisting of cells producing mucus and cilia. Dirt particles are caught by the mucus in and swept by the cilia into the nasal cavity. Drainage of the sinuses can be blocked, so that the sinuses is very sensitive to infection and inflammation (sinusitis).
Throat
Throat (pharynx) lies behind the mouth, below and above the nasal cavity and throat air tube (trachea).
Throat divided into:
- Nasopharynx (upper)
- Orofaring (the center)
- Hipofaring (the lower part.
Throat is a muscular channel where the path of food down his throat and the air path to the lungs. Throat covered by mucous membranes of cells producing mucus and cilia. Incoming dirt caught by the mucus and swept by the cilia toward the throat and then swallowed.
Tonsils (tonsillectomy) is located at the mouth of the back, while adenoid is located at the rear of the nasal cavity. Tonsils and adenoid tissue consisting of lymph and help fight infection. The largest size found in childhood and gradually shrink.
At the top of the trachea is the voice box (larynx), which contains the vocal cords produce sound and functioning. If relaxed, the vocal cords to form a V-shaped hole so that air can pass freely. If the contract, the vocal cords to vibrate, producing sounds that can be changed by the tongue, nose and mouth so that the conversation occurred.
Epiglotis is a sheet that consists primarily of cartilage and is located above and in front of the larynx. During swallowing, epiglotis closed to prevent the entry of food and liquids into the trachea.
